Modelling uncertainty with generalized credal sets: application to conjunction and decision

To model conflict, non-specificity and contradiction in information, upper and lower generalized credal sets are introduced. Any upper generalized credal set is a convex subset of plausibility measures interpreted as lower probabilities whose bodies of evidence consist of singletons and a certain event. Analogously, contradiction is modelled in the theory of evidence by a belief function that is greater than zero at empty set. Based on generalized credal sets, we extend the conjunctive rule for contradictory sources of information, introduce constructions like natural extension in the theory of imprecise probabilities and show that the model of generalized credal sets coincides with the model of imprecise probabilities if the profile of a generalized credal set consists of probability measures. We give ways how the introduced model can be applied to decision problems.     

英语的转移否定现象

“转移否定”是英语中常见的表达形式. 表面上,否定词"not"似乎否定的是整个句子; 其实不然,在意义上"not"只否定了句子的某一成分. 有时,否定的转移在很大程度上影响到对整个句子的理解. 对此现象作出概况说明,目的在于帮助英语学习者更能地道地运用英语.     

运用哲学原理浅析公共艺术中“艺术”与“公共性”的关系

改革开放后,中国公共艺术发展的过程中,出现了很多具有争议的问题,其中一个是关于公共艺术中"艺术"与"公共性"的关系问题。一类观点认为"艺术"是公共艺术的核心,公共艺术首先是属于艺术领域的。另一类观点是强调公共艺术的公共性,认为公共性是公共艺术创作的核心和标准。我从马克思主义哲学原理中的矛盾的主次方面的原理出发去浅析这个问题。     

The basic constructive logic for a weak sense of consistency

In this paper, consistency is understood as the absence of the negation of a theorem, and not, in general, as the absence of any contradiction. We define the basic constructive logic B_Kc1 adequate to this sense of consistency in the ternary relational semantics without a set of designated points. Then we show how to define a series of logics extending B_Kc1 within the spectrum delimited by contractionless minimal intuitionistic logic. All logics defined in the paper are paraconsistent logics.     

弱节点紧急运行模式解析

在PV曲线基于临界功率的数学表述基础上,从供应方、需求方矛盾相互关联的角度,对电力系统弱节点紧急运行模式进行了解析。供需矛盾尖锐的程度,明显影响需求侧用户动态用电行为,考虑用户群体的动态用电行为,对分析和解释电力系统电压失稳和电压崩溃很有必要。     

Strategies in Combined Learning via Logic Programs

We discuss the adoption of a three-valued setting for inductive concept learning. Distinguishing between what is true, what is false and what is unknown can be useful in situations where decisions have to be taken on the basis of scarce, ambiguous, or downright contradictory information. In a three-valued setting, we learn a definition for both the target concept and its opposite, considering positive and negative examples as instances of two disjoint classes. To this purpose, we adopt Extended Logic Programs (ELP) under a Well-Founded Semantics with explicit negation (WFSX) as the representation formalism for learning, and show how ELPs can be used to specify combinations of strategies in a declarative way also coping with contradiction and exceptions.Explicit negation is used to represent the opposite concept, while default negation is used to ensure consistency and to handle exceptions to general rules. Exceptions are represented by examples covered by the definition for a concept that belong to the training set for the opposite concept.Standard Inductive Logic Programming techniques are employed to learn the concept and its opposite. Depending on the adopted technique, we can learn the most general or the least general definition. Thus, four epistemological varieties occur, resulting from the combination of most general and least general solutions for the positive and negative concept. We discuss the factors that should be taken into account when choosing and strategically combining the generality levels for positive and negative concepts.In the paper, we also handle the issue of strategic combination of possibly contradictory learnt definitions of a predicate and its explicit negation.All in all, we show that extended logic programs under well-founded semantics with explicit negation add expressivity to learning tasks, and allow the tackling of a number of representation and strategic issues in a principled way.Our techniques have been implemented and examples run on a state-of-the-art logic programming system with tabling which implements WFSX.     

基于规则的双重否定识别——以“不V1不V2”为例

“不V1不V2”是汉语中典型的双重否定结构形式之一,其包括“不+助动词+不+V2”(不得不去)、“不+是+不+V2”(不是不好)、述宾结构“不+V1+……+不+V2”(不认为他不去)等多种双重否定结构,情况复杂。该文以“不V1不V2”为例,结合“元语否定”“动词叙实性”“否定焦点”等概念,对“不V1不V2”进行了考察,制定了“不V1不V2”双重否定结构的识别策略。根据识别策略,该文设计了双重否定自动识别程序,并在此过程中补充了助动词表、非叙实动词表等词库。最终,对28033句语料进行了识别,识别正确率为98.21%,召回率约为93.10%。     

Evaluating user perception and emotion of microinteractions using a contradictory semantic scale

Microinteractions are presented with dynamic effects through the joint operation of external performance and internal mechanisms, allowing users to produce a variety of emotion and perception. In this study, we focus on microinteraction with functional effects and aim to explore the perception of microinteraction with different functional attributes. To understand the emotional tendency of microinteractions, 14 groups of typical contradictory semantics adjectives were selected, and two main factors were extracted: “hedonic” related to deep emotional enjoyment and “effectiveness” with highly effective characteristics. Among them, the “hedonic factor” has a high impact in microinteraction design, suggesting that the user's cognition of microinteraction mainly depends on the arousal of emotion and stimulates emotion using animation. Second, this study carried out an emotional comparison on representative microinteraction samples. The results indicate that feedback that caters to psychological feelings of realistic characteristics can strengthen a sense of connection between humans and computers and that continuity and consistency created by interface narrative can also contribute to a complete and exquisite interface. The conclusions of this study are relevant to the practical design of microinteractions and can be applied to improve the emotional experience of users in different scenarios.